![]() ![]() This pattern of increased use may continue even beyond the pandemic as the global consumption of disinfecting products is predicted to increase at a rate of 10% per year from 2020 to 2027. Moreover, the use of QACs as disinfectants has increased since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their effectiveness against SARS-2-CoV. After the ban of triclosan use in antibacterial soap by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2016, some QACs have been used as its replacements. The three most well-known QAC groups include benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs), dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DDACs), and alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs), some of which were produced in volumes ranging from 10 to 50 million pounds in the United States in 2015. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a large group of organic substances used as disinfectants and surfactants in a range of applications, including but not limited to cleaning, disinfecting, and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and biomedical materials. Our findings provide the first evidence of QAC occurrence in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as one of the exposure pathways to QACs for nursing infants. Our findings provide the first evidence of the detection of several QACs in breast milk and identify breastfeeding as an exposure pathway to QACs for nursing infants. ![]() The highest median ΣQAC estimated daily intake (EDI) was determined for <1-month old infants based on the average (using the median concentration) and high (using the 95 th percentile concentration) exposure scenarios (230 and 750 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively). The most abundant QAC was C14-BAC with a median concentration of 0.45 ng/mL. The total QAC concentrations (ΣQAC) ranged from 0.33 to 7.4 ng/mL (median 1.5 ng/mL). ![]() Thirteen of the 18 QACs were detected in breast milk and 7 of them were found in more than half of the samples. Daily lactational intake was estimated based on the determined concentrations for 0–12 month old nursing infants. MethodsĮighteen QACs, including 6 benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs, with alkyl chain lengths of C8-C18), 6 dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DDACs, C8-C18), and 6 alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs, C8-C18), were measured in breast milk samples collected from U.S. Our objectives were to identify and measure QACs in breast milk and evaluate early-life exposure to this group of compounds for nursing infants. ![]()
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